Feminists are taking in charge of their own faith: Women for women
Duygu Asena's first novel Kadının Adı Yok ("Woman Has No Name"), published in 1987, and was described by Şirin Tekeli as a "feminist manifesto". It is the story of a woman who fights to share the freedoms enjoyed by men in Turkish society as well as a bleak portrayal of marriage without love. It became a bestseller, but it was eventually banned at its 40th print run in 1998, found to be obscene and dangerous to the institution of marriage. After a two-year trial, the publication of her book was again permitted. Asena died in July 2006. Her coffin was carried only by women.
“In Turkey, there is a strange situation. At first we have to make efforts to have a law passed. Then we have to devote just as much efforts to have it implemented” says Nebahat Akkoç who was a primary school teacher in Diyarbakır. In 1993, at the height of the conflict between the terrorist PKK and the Turkish military, Akkoç's husband, a teacher and union activist, was gunned down by unidentified assailants. After this incident, Akkoç was arrested and tortured by police. She took her case to the European Court of Human Rights, which eventually ordered the Turkish state to pay her compensation. As a result of her personal experience and having listened to many similar stories from women in South Eastern Turkey, Akkoç set up Ka-Mer as an independent women's centre to support victims of violence. "I began thinking about torture and how one person could inflict that on another. Only someone who had been exposed to violence as a child could do that. I realized that domestic violence was behind all violence”. [26] Ka-Mer began with one centre in Diyarbakır. Today there are similar centres in 23 provinces in eastern and south-eastern regions of Turkey, offering hotlines for abused women, legal and professional training courses and day-care facilities. [27]The women's movement of the 1980s which creates direct participation of women for women also gave rise to these new woman institutions. Şirin Tekeli was one of the founders of the Women's Library and Information Centre in April 1990 in Istanbul. She was also a founder of the Purple Roof Women's Shelter Foundation. Such organisations became part of a new democratic civil society: In 1997 Tekeli participated in the founding of Ka-Der (Association for Supporting and Training Women Candidates). Ka-Der's main endeavour continues to be to raise the presence of women in Turkish politics. In Turkey woman representatives in local administrations are 0.56%, in municipalities are 0.56% and in City Councils are 1.75%. Although the sexuality quota for the National Parliaments of 111 countries have been arranged and applied, woman deputies in The National Assembly of Turkey is still 4.4% which places Turkey in 22nd within 189 countries in the world. The woman administrators in the government and private sector are 7%. There has been only 1 woman governor in the Turkish Republic and there is none now. [28] Şirin Tekeli, one of the leading feminist activists of recent decades, resigned as associate professor in the Faculty of Economics at Istanbul University in protest against the Board of Higher Education established after the 1980 military coup to control academic life. Tekeli analyses "state feminism”: “Once equal suffrage was achieved the state claimed that 'gender equality being a reality in Turkey', women did not need an organization of their own. Our mother's generation – both because they got some important rights and were given new opportunities, and because they were forced to do so by repression – identified with Kemalism rather than with feminism.” Only the Kemalist feminists kept on believing that the existing problems of women could be solved within the legal framework handed down by the Kemalist elite.[29]
A leading defender of Kemalist feminism, Necla Arat, "Westerners say we should give up on Kemalism and become moderate Muslims. This is a shame. Kemalists defend equality and social justice… One never knows when moderate Islam will become radical Islam if it is intertwined with state affairs." According to Arat the main divisions among women's group are ideological in nature, based around the Islamist/secular divide and "there is no dialogue about the headscarf among women's groups. Each one is stubborn and strict on this matter." Arat is a social science professor and director of the Faculty for Systematic Philosophy, Istanbul University. She is also the founder of the Centre for Women's Research and Education at Istanbul University. She was active in the campaign for reform of the Civil Code, initiating an effort in 1993 which collected more than 100,000 signatures from across Turkey. Necla Arat claimed that the Justice and Development Party (AKP) had ambitions to install a "religious" regime in Turkey. She supported the Turkish military's warning published on 27 April 2007 arguing that "soldiers can express their opinions as freely as other members of society, just as business people or intellectuals do." Soon afterwards she was invited by the Republican People's Party (CHP) to be a parliamentary candidate in the July 2007 elections.
In 2006, based on some statistics in Turkey, 9 percent of the people wanted to have a religious state based on the Sharia (Islamic law). This is down from 21 percent in 1999. Headscarf wearing has decreased since 1999. In 1999 27.3% were not wearing a headscarf, in 2006, 36.5% are uncovered. [30] The latest developments in Turkey in regards to the headscarf and permitting it at Universities, instead of pulling the country to the passed years like Kemalists believes, might open up minds with the light of education and therefore might open up the heads as well.
Part of a new generation of Islamic feminists Hidayet Tüksal sees progress in terms of collaboration among different women's groups. “Many women opposing the headscarf are academics who come from university women's research departments. But even they reached the point saying 'Come and let us talk about the headscarf in a closed meeting.' They never said that before. Socialist feminists and women with headscarves sit next to each other”. Tüksal holds a PhD in Islamic theology from Ankara University. She is the author of a book on the hadith (account of the words and deeds of the Prophet). She was also one of the founders of the Capital Women's Platform (Başkent Kadın Platformu) in 1994 in Ankara. The platform draws attention to the injustice and discrimination that religious women suffer in secular circles. It challenges the religious basis of traditions that discriminate against women.[31]Ayşe Böhürler who is the Member of AKP (Justice and Development Party) Administrative Council and journalist, comments on religious beliefs and women struggle:
“Religion is being used as a tool to fear women. That’s why religious woman is being conspicuous and gets reaction from people. However it is very important that it is the woman who has the power to change and despite all the antidemocratic and religious pressure she struggles for her beliefs and her rights. Women are pressured but not suppressed. They are aware of their power. I believe that these educated and intellectual women will be the pioneers of change.”[32]
The foundation of these problems, as Ottoman women pointed out then, is education indeed. Ignorance and lack of knowledge creates lack of capacity in judgment and unproductiveness in society. Besides the fact that general percentage of literacy in Turkey is very low in relation to the other European countries, the girls don’t have the same opportunity as boys to study. Therefore, 1 in every 5 women is uneducated. Especially in east and south-east Anatolia this percentage is 1 in every 2 women. Decreased production, maladjusted family and work environment and the discrimination towards women in rural areas are the causes for woman not to participate in productive effort. Woman participation in production in Turkey is 25%. However, 65.5% of unregistered workers are women. The yearly income of a working woman is only 34.4% of a male's. 88% of the unemployed youth is female. 80.2% of women in Turkey has no property.[33]The above description shows that in Turkey women do have a name at last but there is still a very long way to go. As long as the struggle between Islam and Modernisation is still taking place through the bodies of women, no power of any organisation, law or reform will be able to embrace the pain of mothers who lose a child.
[1] http://www.kamer.org.tr/, KAMER is a Civil Right Foundation that aims to stop violence against women in Turkey
[2] Zuhal Yeşilyurt Gündüz, “The Women’s Movement in Turkey”. Assist. Prof. Dr. Zuhal Yeşilyurt Gündüz teaches at Başkent University, Faculty for Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Political Science and International Relations
[3] Vuslat Devrim Altınöz, A thesis on “The Ottoman Women’s Movement: Women’s Press, journals, magazines and newspapers from 1875 to 1923”, Miami University.
[4] ESI – European Stability Initiative (Berlin, Brussels, Istanbul),
http://www.esiweb.org/[5] Recent years, there has been an important bibliographic research made on Ottoman women’s journals. One of the first studies about the women’s journals was written by Emel Aşa in 1989 as a Masters Thesis. Emel Aşa, 1928’e Kadar Tűrk Kadın Mecmuaları, (İstanbul: İstanbul Űniversitesi Tűrk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bőlűmű, Yűksek Lisans Tezi, 1989). Another important study which includes an index of all the women’s journals that has published since the 1850s to present is İstanbul Kűtűphanelerindeki Eski Harfli Tűrkçe Kadın Dergileri Bibliografyası (İstanbul: Kadın Eserleri Kűtűphanesi ve Bilgi Merkezi Vakfı Yayınları: 5, Metis Yayınları, 1993). This is a work produced by Zehra Toska, Serpil Çakır, Tűlay Gençtűrk, Sevim Yılmaz, Selmin Kurç, Gőkçen Art, and Aynur Demirdirek. Another recent study that used women’s magazines is Aynur Demirdirek’s Osmanlı Kadınlarının Hayat Hakkı Arayışının Bir Hikayesi (Ankara: İmge Yayınevi, 1993). Finally, the latest work produced using the women’s journals are Serpil Çakır’s Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi (İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1994).
[6] Vuslat Devrim Altınöz, A thesis on “The Ottoman Women’s Movement: Women’s Press, journals, magazines and newspapers from 1875 to 1923”, Miami University.
[7] ESI – European Stability Initiative (Berlin, Brussels, Istanbul),
http://www.esiweb.org/[8] Vuslat Devrim Altınöz, A thesis on “The Ottoman Women’s Movement: Women’s Press, journals, magazines and newspapers from 1875 to 1923”, Miami University.
[9] Women in World History Curriculum, Essay: “Historical Perspectives on Islamic dress”.
[10] Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph.D. “The Development of Hijab”.
[11] Women in World History Curriculum, Essay: “Historical Perspectives on Islamic dress”.
[12] Meltem Müftüler-Baç, "Turkish Women’s Predicament", Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 3 (1999), p.310.
[13] Fatmagül Berktay, "Türkiye’de ‘Kadınlık Durumu’", p.760.
[14] Şirin Tekeli, "Women in Turkey in the 1980s", in Tekeli, Şirin (ed.): Women in Modern Turkish Society, Zed Books
[15] ibid. p.13.
[16] Yeşim Arat, "Toward a Democratic Society: The Women’s Movement in Turkey in the 1980s", Women’s Studies International Forum, 17 (1994) 2-3, p.244.
[17] Arat, "1980‘ler Türkiyesi‘nde Kadın Hareketi: Liberal Kemalizmin Radikal Uzantısı", p.7.
[18] Arat, "Toward a Democratic Society. The Women’s Movement in Turkey in the 1980s".
[19] "Kadının sırtını sopasız, karnını sıpasız bırakmamak gerek." – "The back of a woman should not remain without a stick, her stomach without a child.» (!)
[20] Tekeli, "Women in Turkey in the 1980s".
[21] http://www.kamer.org.tr/, KAMER is a Civil Right Foundation that aims to stop violence against women in Turkey
[22] Uçan Süpürge Kadın Organizasyonu, Flying Broom is a women’s organization working for the improvement of democracy and civil society.
http://www.ucansupurge.org/[23] Meltem Müftüler-Baç, "Turkish Women’s Predicament", p.309
[24] ibid p.309
[25] Ayşe Parla, "The ‘Honour’ Of the State: Virginity Examinations in Turkey", Feminist Studies, 27 (2001) 1, p.79.
[26] ESI – European Stability Initiative (Berlin, Brussels, Istanbul),
http://www.esiweb.org/[27] KAMER is a Civil Right Foundation that aims to stop violence against women in Turkey,
http://www.kamer.org.tr/[28] KA-DER, Association for Supporting and Training Women Candidates,
http://www.ka-der.org.tr/[29] ESI – European Stability Initiative (Berlin, Brussels, Istanbul),
http://www.esiweb.org/[30] ESI – European Stability Initiative (Berlin, Brussels, Istanbul),
http://www.esiweb.org/[31] ESI – European Stability Initiative (Berlin, Brussels, Istanbul),
http://www.esiweb.org/[32] Kültür A.Ş. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Doğu’nun Kadın Mirası, 1. baskı, İstanbul Ekim 2005
[33] Uçan Süpürge Kadın Organizasyonu, Flying Broom is a women’s organization working for the improvement of democracy and civil society.
http://www.ucansupurge.org/